Improving Dar es Salaam’s Bus Rapid Transit for Growth

Enhancing Dar es Salaam’s Rapid Transit for Economic Growth

The development of Dar es Salaam’s transportation system has undergone significant transformations over the decades, evolving from early public transit initiatives to today’s rapid bus services. With an increasing population and growing economic activities, the city’s transit infrastructure remains a crucial factor in shaping productivity, mobility, and overall quality of life.

The Evolution of Public Transport in Dar es Salaam

In 1947, Dar es Salaam Motor Transport (DMT) was established to provide reliable and safe transit options for city residents, allowing them to commute efficiently to work and business locations. At that time, the service operated under British Holding Cooperation United, maintaining a structured schedule that ensured passengers could predict bus arrivals and minimize waiting times.

With the adoption of the Ujamaa and Self-Reliance policy in 1967 under the leadership of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, a national drive towards economic independence was initiated. The emphasis was placed on hard work, resource utilization, and self-sufficiency. Consequently, in 1970, the government nationalized key economic sectors, including transportation, leading to the transition of DMT into public ownership.

On April 4, 1974, the government officially launched Usafiri Dar es Salaam (UDA), a state-run transit system. Around the same period, intercity bus transport services were introduced through Kampuni ya Mabasi Tanzania (KAMATA). However, due to economic strains, particularly following the Kagera War (1978-1980), the efficiency of these services began to decline.

Challenges and Attempts to Revive Urban Transport

During the 1980s, the government introduced IKARUS buses from Hungary, designed with a high-capacity structure similar to modern rapid transit buses. These buses could accommodate up to 150 passengers, yet their operations were hindered by a lack of spare parts, poor maintenance, and financial constraints, leading to their eventual decline.

Recognizing these persistent challenges, the government allowed private sector participation in urban transport. This shift led to the emergence of alternative transport modes, including taxis, informal commuter vehicles known as ‘chaimaharage,’ and later, the widespread use of ‘daladala’ minibuses. As demand continued to outpace supply, three-wheeler ‘bajaji’ and motorcycles (‘bodaboda’) became additional solutions to the city’s transportation needs.

The Birth and Expansion of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

To address worsening congestion and unreliable public transport, the government launched the Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project, commonly referred to as ‘Mwendokasi.’ Construction of dedicated BRT lanes commenced in 2012, covering key routes such as Kimara-Kivukoni, Kimara-Morocco via Magomeni, and Kimara-Gerezani. Full-scale operations under the management of Rapid Transport Dar es Salaam (UDA-RT) began in May 2016.

While the introduction of BRT marked a major milestone in urban transport, passengers continue to experience challenges such as long waiting times, overcrowding, and service delays, particularly on high-demand routes like Mbezi Luis-Kivukoni and Kimara-Gerezani. The persistent inefficiencies highlight the need for further improvements to optimize commuter experiences and enhance economic productivity.

Proposed Improvements for a More Efficient Transit System

Several key recommendations can help ensure Dar es Salaam’s rapid transit system meets the growing demands of its population:

1. Increase Bus Fleet Capacity – The government and private investors should expand the BRT fleet to accommodate the rising number of commuters.

2. Implement Predictable Schedules – Publishing clear bus arrival schedules at stations will reduce uncertainty and waiting times.

3. Encourage Private Investment – Local entrepreneurs should be incentivized to invest in BRT services, ensuring adequate transportation availability without inflating fares.

4. Improve Customer Service – Ticketing staff should receive proper training to enhance professionalism and customer experience.

5. Develop Park-and-Ride Facilities – Establishing dedicated parking areas near BRT stations will encourage private car users to switch to public transport, reducing road congestion.

A well-managed and efficiently operated rapid transit system has the potential to drive economic growth by minimizing time lost in traffic, enhancing productivity, and fostering a more seamless urban mobility experience. With continued investments and policy refinements, Dar es Salaam’s BRT system can evolve into a world-class urban transit model that supports sustainable city development and economic expansion.